In August 17, 1945, Indonesia proclaimed independence and began developing its own identity, which also meant uniting and formalizing the hundreds of Pencak Silat systems that were present across the region. Later, in 1942 Japanese occupied Indonesia, but allowed Pencak Silat to be practiced and further developed. Training was to be done in secret and at night, which developed the need for black uniforms. In 1796, the Dutch government gained control over Indonesia and made training and studying Pencak Silat illegal. Points are deducted for incorrect techniques, improper attire, exceeding or being shy of 3 minutes, dropping of the weapon, or if there is excessive shouting or yelling during the form, or going outside of the boundaries. Athletes are judged on the quality of movements and correctness of the moves. All 100 movements must be completed in exactly 3 minutes. There is an empty hand section, one with a golok or machete and one with a rattan staff or toya. Jurus Tunggal is an internationally recognized Pencak Silat form that consists of 100 moves divided into 14 sets or jurus and 3 sections.
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